FIGURES
Charts, graphs, diagrams & photographs
1. Introduction to Photovoltaics: How & Why
1.1 1954 Bell Laboratories silicon solar module ad
1.2 A solar cell
1.3 How a solar cell works
1.4 2007 worldwide cell/module production
1.5 Proposed PV Breed plant, Frederick MD, 1982
1.6 Retail cost: PV/watt vs. average U.S. utility bill
1.7 U.S. electricity sources
1.8 U.S. energy sources
1.9 Commercial BIPV application
1.10 PV applications in U.S.
1.11 U.S. & world PV production
1.12 Long-term world PV demand
2. Government, Utilities & PV
2.1 1 MW Sacramento utility-owned PV system
2.2 Net-metered PV system, Ashland OR
2.3 Power center for system in Figure 2.2
3. Conservation & Energy Efficiency
3.1 Analog kilowatt-hour meter
3.2 Temperature vs. heating & cooling costs
3.3 Energy Guide Label
3.4 Perleberg’s grid-connect home (Colorado)
3.5 Diversified daily electrical loads
3.6 A battery bank
3.7 Bob Hammond’s off-grid home (Arizona)
3.8 Hammond home inverter & battery bank
3.9 Hammond home 1-line diagram
4. Living with PV
4.1 Remote installation module transport
4.2 Joel Davidson’s PV-powered cabin (AR)
4.3 Block diagram of cabin in Figure 4.2
4.4 Block diagram of Joel California PV office
4.5 One-line diagram of authors’ home PV system
Authors’ home system installation (1990s)
4.6 Office and adjoining garage roofs before PV
4.7 Placing modules on the roof
4.8 Attaching mounting feet to modules
4.9 Caulking the mounting foot screws
4.10 Fastening the mounting feet to the roof
4.11 Installing solar array conduit, j-boxes & wiring
4.12 Conduit, j-boxes & homerun roof jack
4.13 Installing the subpanel & kWh meter hub
4.14 Subpanel with cover plate removed
4.15 Roof homerun & inverter output conduit
4.16 Inverter & battery enclosure
4.17 Enclosure with inverter & battery bank
4.18 Inverter & battery enclosure
4.19 A closed equipment enclosure
4.20 The completed array
Authors’ home PV system expansion (2007)
4.21 Fastening roof jack onto roof rafters
4.22 Unistrut rails
4.23 Raising a module onto a roof
4.24 Panels being put into position
4.25 Wires in series in weatherproof j-box
4.26 Inverter & DC & AC diconnect switches
4.27 Finished inverter installation
4.28 Completed new array
4.29 One-line diagram of system expansion
4.30 New solar array as seen from the street
5. Making the Decision: Off-Grid
5.1 Off-grid home (northern California)—PV/wind
5.2 Battery bank, inverters & power center:F5.1
5.3 Line extension costs vs. PV system costs
5.4 Tarryall Resort (Ontario, Canada) PV system
5.5 Tarryall Resort equipment room
5.6 Cost-effective PV system upgrade
5.7 Home PV system (central California)
6. Making the Decision: On-Grid
6.1 A home PV system
6.2 Inverters for home shown in Figure 6.1
6.3 Net-metered residential PV system paybacks
6.4 Effect of commercial PV system incentives
6.5 Costs: net-metered, contractor-installed system
6.6 Carlisle house (Massachusetts)
7. Residential Building Codes & Inspections
7.1 Codes that affect your PV system
8. Short Course in Electricity
8.1 Alternating current
8.2 Ohm’s Law Chart
8.3 Calculating resistance
8.4 Resistors in series
8.5 Resistors in parallel
9. Solar Modules
9.1 PV modularity
9.2 Solar cells in series
Sample Solar Module Spec Sheet
10. Site Selection & Mounts
10.1 The sun at noon—summer & winter
10.2 Determining solar window or shade pattern
10.3 Seasonal changes: sun path & angle, lat 40°
10.4 Sun’s hourly location, lat 40°, facing south
10.5 Magnetic north vs. true north
10.6 Solar production at different orientations
10.7 A home PV system—Denver, Colorado
10.8 Formula for calculating roof pitch
10.9 Determining tilt angle or pitch of roof
10.10 Owner-built ground mount
10.11 Four basic array mounting schemes
10.12 Stand-off mount feet
10.13 Roof-mounted junction box
10.14 Fastening PV mounts
10.15 Solar array roof plan
10.16 Solar modules as roof covering
10.17 Simple solution to mounting problem
10.18 Typical roof or ground mount
10.19 Flat roof array with telescoping legs (NM)
10.20 A home system with pole mounted arrays
10.21 Ground-mounted array with snow build-up
10.22 12-module Zomework passive solar trackers
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11. Charge Controllers, Meters & Diodes
Charge controllers in sequence
11.1 Shunt charge controller
11.2 Series charge controller
11.3 Charge controller decision flowchart
11.4 Bypass diodes & blocking diodes
12. Battery Storage
12.1 Cumulative installed PV in the U.S.
12.2 Cut-away view of a deep-cycle battery
12.3 Deep-cycle vs. auto SLI batteries
12.4 A fully charged battery
12.5 Temperature & DOD vs. battery life
12.6 Temperature vs. lead-acid battery life
12.7 Lead-acid battery self-discharge rate
12.8 Telephone company batteries
12.9 A sample battery report
12.10 A direct-drive PV fan
12.11 Lorentz PV-direct DC submersible pump
12.12 Battery maintenance
12.13 Commercial tool shed battery enclosure
12.14 Acid-resistant plastic battery enclosures
12.15 Typical voltage & SG at discharge, recharge
12.16 The correct way to read a hydrometer
12.17 Typical efficiency range—lead-acid battery
13. Inverters
13.1 How a DC to AC inverter works
13.2 Wave forms
13.3 Utility-connected PV: net metered, non-
13.4 Net-metered inverter without batteries
13.5 Net-metered inverter with batteries
12. Battery Storage
12.1 Cumulative installed PV in the U.S.
12.2 Cut-away view of a deep-cycle battery
12.3 Deep-cycle vs. auto SLI batteries
12.4 A fully charged battery
12.5 Temperature & DOD vs. battery life
12.6 Temperature vs. lead-acid battery life
12.7 Lead-acid battery self-discharge rate
12.8 Telephone company batteries
12.9 A sample battery report
12.10 A direct-drive PV fan
12.11 Lorentz PV-direct DC submersible pump
12.12 Battery maintenance
12.13 Commercial tool shed battery enclosure
12.14 Acid-resistant plastic battery enclosures
12.15 Typical voltage & SG at discharge, recharge
12.16 The correct way to read a hydrometer
12.17 Typical efficiency range—lead-acid battery
13. Inverters
13.1 How a DC to AC inverter works
13.2 Wave forms
13.3 Utility-connect PV: net metered & non-
13.4 Net-metered inverter without batteries
13.5 Net-metered inverter with batteries
14. Wires, Grounds, Connectors & Labels
Wiring sequence
Sample component safety labels
14.1 A typical PV junction box
15. Calculating Wire/Fuse/Breaker/Conduit Sizes
15.1 Wiring diagram—on-grid PV w/batteries
16. Designing Your PV System: Off-Grid
16.1 Three Lists Diagram
16.2 Home PV system in a cold climate
16.3 PV-powered trailer home
16.4 Peak sun hours per day
16.5 Insolation average kWh/m2/day at lat tilt
16.6 Battery storage—days of autonomy
16.7 PV-powered home in eastern Massachusetts
16.8 One-line wiring diagram—Granby CO system
17. Designing Your PV System: On-Grid
17.1 Block diagram—on-grid batteryless dystem
17.2 Wiring diagram—on-grid batteryless system
17.3 Block diagram—on-grid system w/battery
17.4 Wiring diagram—on-grid system w/battery
17.5 Wiring diagram—12-kW grid-connect PV
18. Combining PV & Other Electric Generators
18.1 Dual battery charging system with isolator
18.2 Circuit diagram: 3 inputs/1 battery bank
18.3 Standby system block diagram
18.4 System wiring & controls
18.5 Wiring diagram of Figure 18.4
18.6 Equipment room of a Fresno CA home
18.7 Block diagram of Figure 18.6
18.8 Anderson’s General Store (WA) PV/wind
18.9 Inverter, charge & load controller: Fig. 18.8
18.10 Wiring diagram for Figure 18.8
18.11 Talmage PV/wind-powered home (ME)
19. Installation, Testing & Maintenance
19.1 Solar array assembly of prewired modules
19.2 Positioning a preassembled solar array
19.3 Testing an array on a tracking mount
19.4 Testing wire w/high voltage “megger”
19.5 Power losses mitigated by cleansing rainfall
20. The Future of PV
20.1 Condé Nast Building (NYC)
20.2 PV-powered home & workplace
20.3 PV-powered mountain cabin
20.4 Trellis-framed PV installation
20.5 Home PV system
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